1.User Interface (UI): The OS provides a user interface (UI) for interacting with the system. This can be a graphical user interface (GUI) with icons and windows, or a command-line interface (CLI) where users type commands to interact with the system.

1. Hardware Management: The OS manages hardware resources like the CPU, memory, and storage devices. It allocates resources to running programs and ensures they function efficiently.
2. Process Management: The OS manages the execution of programs, also known as processes. It determines which processes get CPU time, allocates memory to them, and handles their termination.
3. File Management: The OS organizes and manages files and folders on storage devices. It allows users to create, delete, and modify files and folders, and keeps track of their location and access permissions.
4. Security: The OS provides security features to protect the system from unauthorized access, malware, and other threats. This may include features like user accounts, password protection, firewalls, and antivirus software.